Insurance Designation Lookup https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rss2.html Home Greek General Average (c. 800–600 BCE) Japanese Mujin / Tanomoshi Mutual‑Aid Societies (c. 700–1000 CE) Roman Bottomry Loans (c. 300 BCE) The Laws of Oleron (c. 1150–1250 CE) The Hanseatic Sea Laws (c. 1200–1500 CE) The First Italian Marine Insurance Policies (c. 1300–1400 CE) Roman Respondentia (c. 100 CE) The Spread of Marine Insurance to Northern Europe (1400s–1500s) Lloyd’s Coffee House (1688) The Great Fire of London (1666) The Fire Office (1680) The Friendly Society (1684) Fire Marks & Private Fire Brigades (1680s–1690s) The Amicable Society (1706) The Philadelphia Contributionship (1752) Napoleonic Wars (1799–1815) War of 1812 — Neutral Shipping, Seizures & Insurance (1812–1815) Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company (MassMutual), 1851 The Rise of Insurance Regulation (1774–1869) Aetna Fire Insurance Company (1819) Insurance Company of North America (INA), 1792 The Abandonment Doctrine Clarified — Marine Insurance Co. of Alexandria v. Tucker (1828) New York Life Insurance Company (NYLIC) Aetna Life Insurance Company The Civil War & Life Insurance (1861–1865) Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (MetLife), 1868 Prudential Friendly Society (Prudential Insurance Company of America), 1875 The Rise of Insurance Branding in 19th‑Century America (1870s–1890s) The Rise of Industrial Life Insurance (1870s–1880s) Literary Naturalism and the Insurance Age (1890s–1910s) The Great Chicago Fire, 1871 The Great Boston Fire, 1872 Formation of the NAIC, 1871 Risk‑Sharing Systems in the Hebrew Bible (c. 1200–500 BCE) Essay: Religious Risk Management — How the Great Traditions Turned Uncertainty into Moral Obligation Essay: The Rise of Information Markets — From Gutenberg to Lloyd’s List Essay: The Industrialization of Risk — How the Modern World Turned Uncertainty into a System Mutual Aid in Ancient India and the Śreṇi Guilds (1000 BCE – 500 CE) Clan Mutual Aid Systems in Confucian China (1000 BCE – 500 CE) Buddhist Sangha as a Risk‑Sharing Institution (500 BCE – 500 CE) James Dodson & the Birth of Modern Life Insurance (1756–1757) Founding of the Society for Equitable Assurances (The Equitable), 1762 William Morgan & the First Actuarial Valuation (1775–1776) The Carlisle Mortality Tables (1780s–1815) Benjamin Gompertz & the Gompertz Mortality Curve (1825) William Makeham & the Gompertz–Makeham Law (1860) Founding of The Institute of Actuaries The American Adoption of Actuarial Science Early Liability Insurance (1880s-1910s)